Gis positional data are primarily printed maps which have been digitized. About coordinate systems and map projections esri support. A compendium of map projections, with derivations by donald fenna, two other references concerning map projections book literature are also worth of notice, as the 2nd edition of the 2014 title map projections. Specify a coordinate systemproperties of maps documentation. Map scale is concerned with reducing geographical features of interest to manageable proportions, coordinate systems help us define the positions of features on the surface of the earth, and map. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems.
Conformal projections retain correct angular relations in transfer from globe to map. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on. Work undertaken in the usa and ussr on the creation of suitable map projections obtained through numerical analysis has been included. Coordinate systems and map projections ebook, 1992. If layers in a map have different coordinate systems defined from those of the map or local. Coordinate systems, map projections and data formats spatineo. To display maps, geographically referenced data located on the. With a smallscale map, your choice of map projection determines the overall appearance of the map. A map projection is the mathematical transformation of the earth to a flat surface. Map projections cartographic information systems erik. The map of massachusetts in unprojected decimal degrees of longitude and latitude note the proportion of the lines and the circle. Geodesy, coordinate systems, objectives and map projections.
Spatial data has coordinate systems, geographic coordinate systems, or projected coordinate systems defined. Coordinate systems and map projections sciencedirect. Pdf map projections download full pdf book download. Ellipsoidal coordinate systems reference a mathematically derived spheroidal or ellipsoidal volumetric surface. This type of figure is termed an oblate ellipsoid or spheroid, and is the threedimensional shape. Maling 1991 coordinate systems for map projections and gis. Working with map projections and coordinate systems in arcgis duration. Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition elsevier. Projections and coordinate systems are a complicated topic in gis, but they form the basis for how a gis can store, analyze, and display spatial data. Scale same in any direction around a point, but scale.
The revisions take into account the huge advances in geometrical geodes, isbn 9780080372341 buy the coordinate systems and map projections ebook. Projected coordinate systems a map projection is the systematic transformation of locations on the earth latitudelongitude to planar coordinates the basis for this transformation is the geographic. The signs of x,y coordinates in a projected coordinate system. There are many different coordinate systems, based on a variety of geodetic datums, projections, and units in use geographic coordinate systems no projection. A guide to map projections is an easytonavigate, troubleshooting reference for any gis user with the common problem of data misalignment. Map projections cartographic information systems erik w. Datums tell us the latitudes and longi tudes of features on an ellipsoid. Learn about geographic coordinate systems and map projections. Coordinate systems can be horizontal, defining where features are across the.
Projection and distortion the shape of the earth is so complicated and. The earth exists in threedimensions but, other than globes, most representations of the earth are two dimensional. Map projections and coordinate systems gis courses. Although for many mapping applications the earth can be assumed to be a perfect sphere, there is a difference between the distance around the earth between the poles versus the equator. Projections and coordinate systems may seem complex and arcane to you, but as you become more. A geographic coordinate system gcs uses a threedimensional spherical surface to define locations on the earth. Buy coordinate systems and map projections, second edition on free shipping on qualified orders coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. A revised and expanded new edition of the definitive english work on map projections. Gis data differs from other data types, primarily because it contains geographic coordinates describing the location of the data on the earth. For example, with some projections, lines of latitude and longitude will appear curved. Coordinate systems and map projections, second edition. A coordinate system, datum, and map projection are all components of the.
The circumference of the earth is about 0th smaller around the poles. The map projections generate different types of plane coordinates which are easier to use and work with than the spherical coordinate. Projections transformation of curved earth to a flat map. Geodesy, coordinate systems, and map projections objectives introduce the main concepts of geodesy coordinate systems, datums, ellipsoids, and geoids describe map projections and coordinate. Chapter 10 of geographical information systems, volume 1 principles, edited by d. Projections and coordinate system linkedin slideshare. Objectives coordinate systems and map projections for gis.
A projection is the means by which you display the coordinate system and your data on a flat surface, such as a piece of paper or a digital screen. Map projections are the means by which data about the 3. Coordinate systems and map projections open library. Unlike a geographic coordinate system, a projected coordinate system has. A coordinate system is a reference framework that defines the position of features in either two or threedimensional space. Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration. Some basic ideas about the mathematics of map projections. The employed plane coordinate system is either projected or geographic. A tutorial on map projections and geographic coordinate systems. Purchase coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition. The gcs tells your data where to draw on the earth, and the projection tells the map how to distort the earth onto a flat surface.
Projected coordinate systems, map projections, parameters, and linear units of measure current as of arcgis version 9. Projected coordinate systems are derived from map projections and geographic coordinate systems from latitude and longitude. A guide to map projections is an easytonavigate troubleshooting reference for any gis user with the common problem of data misalignment. Coordinate systems, projections, and transformations. Map projection, coordinate system and datum youtube. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, such as global positioning system gps locations, within a common geographic framework. Analytical derivation of some map projections including examples of pseudocylindrical and polyconic projections is also covered. D h maling a revised and expanded new edition of the definitive english work on map projections. A projected coordinate system is defined on a flat, twodimensional surface. A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and. The appearance, classification and naming of map projections.
Understanding map projections, datums, and coordinate systems. Download the list of supported geographic and vertical coordinate systems. This selfpaced, online training teaches the fundamental concepts of map projections, datums, and coordinate systems and demonstrates how to use them using esris arcgis. The figure of the earth and the reference surfaces used in surveying and mapping. D h maling a revised and expanded new edition of the definitive english work on map. Coordinate systems and map projections 2nd edition.
80 742 494 989 1438 217 1193 55 436 1244 968 975 693 565 202 690 1459 292 303 244 1326 310 247 468 276 412 1507 914 429 418 378 300 983 1483 390 1044 950 408 326 440 1184 1334 1050